atomic or molecular scale

What Techniques Are Used to Study the Atomic Scale?

Several advanced techniques are employed to study and manipulate materials at the atomic scale. These include:
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Allows for imaging and manipulation of individual atoms on a surface.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures forces between a sharp probe and the surface to map topography at the nanoscale.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides high-resolution images of thin samples by transmitting electrons through them.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Determines the atomic structure of crystalline materials.

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