surface chemistry:

What Techniques are Used to Study Surface Chemistry in Nanotechnology?

Several analytical techniques are employed to study surface chemistry, including:
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Provides information on the elemental composition and chemical states of surface atoms.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Offers high-resolution images of surface morphology.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures surface roughness and topography at the nanoscale.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Identifies chemical bonds and functional groups on the surface.

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