matter

What Techniques Are Used to Manipulate Matter at the Nanoscale?

Several techniques are employed to manipulate matter at the nanoscale, including:
Top-down fabrication methods like lithography, which carve out nanoscale structures from larger materials.
Bottom-up fabrication methods like chemical vapor deposition and self-assembly, which build structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule.
Characterization tools such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to visualize and measure nanoscale structures.

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