Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) refers to a suite of metalworking processes that impose a very high strain on a material to refine its microstructure down to the nanoscale. Common techniques include High-Pressure Torsion (HPT), Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP), and Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB). These processes are utilized to produce ultrafine-grained (UFG) and nanostructured materials with superior mechanical properties.
