Several sophisticated instruments are used for IV characterization:
1. Source Measure Units (SMUs): These devices can source and measure voltage and current simultaneously. 2. Probe Stations: These are used to make contact with nanoscale devices and materials with high precision. 3. Lock-in Amplifiers: These are often used to measure very small currents in the presence of noise. 4. Nanoprobing Systems: These systems are specifically designed for probing at the nanoscale.
