Despite its potential, specific targeting faces several challenges:
Immune Response: Nanoparticles can be recognized as foreign bodies and cleared by the immune system. Off-target Effects: Nanoparticles might bind to non-target cells, leading to unintended side effects. Complex Manufacturing: The design and production of functionalized nanoparticles are complex and costly. Regulatory Hurdles: Ensuring safety and efficacy to meet regulatory standards can be challenging.
