X-Ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) are advanced scientific instruments that generate extremely intense and short pulses of X-rays. Unlike conventional lasers, XFELs do not rely on bound electrons in atoms or molecules but rather use high-energy electron beams. These electron beams are accelerated to near-light speeds and then passed through an undulator, which consists of a series of magnets that cause the electrons to emit coherent X-ray radiation.
