crystallography

What are the Techniques Used in Crystallography?

The primary techniques used in crystallography for nanotechnology include:
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides high-resolution images of the crystal structure.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Used for surface characterization at the atomic level.
Neutron Diffraction: Useful for locating light atoms in the presence of heavier ones.

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