biological contaminants

What are the Methods for Detecting Biological Contaminants in Nanotechnology?

Several techniques are employed to detect biological contaminants in nanotechnology. These include microscopy methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which allow visualization of contaminants at the nanoscale. Additionally, spectroscopic techniques like Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy can identify specific biological signatures. Molecular biology methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also used to detect microbial DNA or RNA.

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