ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (ups)

What are the limitations of UPS?

Despite its advantages, UPS has some limitations:
Surface Sensitivity: While this is an advantage for certain applications, it can be a drawback when bulk properties are of interest.
Sample Preparation: Samples need to be prepared under ultra-high vacuum conditions, which can be challenging.
Material Limitations: Not all materials are suitable for UPS analysis, particularly those that degrade under UV irradiation.

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