1. What are the Routes of Exposure?
Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes such as inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and injection. Understanding these routes helps in assessing the risks associated with different applications of nanotechnology. For instance, inhalation is a primary concern for workers in industries using nanomaterials.
2. How do Nanomaterials Interact with Biological Systems?
Once inside the body, nanomaterials can interact with proteins, membranes, and DNA. Studying these interactions helps in determining the potential for
cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Researchers use in vitro and in vivo models to investigate these effects.
3. What Determines the Toxicity of Nanomaterials?
The toxicity of nanomaterials depends on various factors such as size, shape, surface charge, chemical composition, and solubility. For example, smaller particles with a high surface area might be more toxic due to increased reactivity. Surface modifications can also influence toxicity by changing how nanomaterials interact with biological systems.
4. How do Different Types of Nanomaterials Compare?
Different types of nanomaterials, such as
carbon nanotubes,
quantum dots, and metal oxides, have distinct properties and thus different toxicological profiles. Comparative studies help in identifying which types pose higher risks and under what conditions.
5. What are the Long-term Effects?
Chronic exposure to nanomaterials can lead to long-term health effects. Toxicological studies include long-term animal studies and epidemiological research to understand the potential for diseases such as cancer, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular issues.
