Landau Levels: These are quantized energy levels that electrons occupy in a magnetic field. The FQHE occurs when electrons fill these levels in a fractional manner. Laughlin Wave Function: Proposed by Robert Laughlin, this mathematical model explains the ground state of the FQHE system, predicting the existence of quasi-particles with fractional charges. Quasi-particles: In the FQHE, electrons form bound states that behave as particles with fractional electric charge, which are pivotal for understanding the effect.
