Microchannels: These are small channels that allow the flow of fluids and cells, mimicking blood flow and tissue perfusion. Biocompatible Materials: These materials are used to construct the chip and ensure that cells can grow and function normally. Sensors: Integrated sensors monitor various parameters such as pH, oxygen levels, and biochemical markers, providing real-time data on cell health and function. Cell Culture: Human or animal cells are cultured within the chip to replicate the specific organ's cellular environment.