There are several methods for immobilizing molecules onto nanomaterials, each with its advantages and limitations:
Physical Adsorption: This involves weak interactions such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic interactions. It is simple and cost-effective but may suffer from desorption under certain conditions. Covalent Bonding: This method forms strong, stable bonds between the molecule and the nanoparticle surface. It is highly stable but may require complex chemical modifications. Entrapment: Molecules are captured within a network or matrix, such as a hydrogel. This method provides a protective environment but may limit the accessibility of the immobilized molecule. Cross-linking: This involves linking molecules together using a cross-linker. It can create a stable structure but might affect the functionality of the immobilized molecule.
