What are the Challenges in Using Upconversion Nanoparticles?
Despite their many advantages, UCNPs face several challenges:
1. Synthesis Complexity: The synthesis process of UCNPs is complex and requires precise control over size, shape, and composition to achieve desired properties.
2. Cost: The rare-earth elements used in UCNPs are expensive, which can limit large-scale production.
3. Surface Modification: Effective surface modification is required to improve UCNPs' biocompatibility and functionality, which adds another layer of complexity.
4. Quantum Efficiency: The upconversion efficiency of UCNPs is relatively low, necessitating further research to improve their performance.
