Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: The complexity of nanomaterials makes it challenging to predict their behavior and potential risks accurately. Data Gaps: Limited data on the long-term effects of nanomaterials can hinder effective risk management. Regulatory Hurdles: The rapid pace of nanotechnology innovation can outstrip the development of appropriate regulatory frameworks. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Effective integration requires collaboration across multiple disciplines, including chemistry, biology, toxicology, and engineering.