Despite the advantages, integrated optics face several challenges:
1. Fabrication Complexity: Creating nanoscale optical components requires advanced fabrication techniques, which can be costly and complex. 2. Integration with Electronics: Combining optical and electronic components on a single chip poses significant technical challenges. 3. Loss and Efficiency: Minimizing optical loss and maximizing efficiency are critical for the performance of integrated optical circuits. 4. Scalability: Developing scalable manufacturing processes to produce integrated optical devices in large quantities.
