Several advanced techniques are employed in the study of condensed matter physics and nanotechnology. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) allow scientists to visualize and manipulate individual atoms and molecules. X-ray diffraction and neutron scattering provide insights into the atomic structure of materials. Spectroscopic methods, such as Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, are used to study vibrational modes and electronic structure. These tools are essential for characterizing the properties of nanomaterials and understanding their behavior.
