Several techniques are used to integrate nanotechnology into larger systems:
1. Self-Assembly: This method allows nanomaterials to spontaneously form organized structures without external guidance. It's particularly useful for creating complex architectures at low cost. 2. Layer-by-Layer Assembly: This involves the sequential deposition of different nanomaterials to build up a composite structure. It's widely used in thin films and coatings. 3. Top-Down Lithography: Techniques like electron-beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography can be used to pattern nanoscale features on surfaces. 4. Bottom-Up Synthesis: This involves building materials from the atomic or molecular level up, often using chemical vapor deposition or molecular beam epitaxy.
