Several key detection techniques leverage the unique properties of nanomaterials:
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
SERS uses metallic nanoparticles, typically gold or silver, to amplify the Raman scattering signal of molecules adsorbed onto their surface. This technique enables the detection of low concentrations of analytes with high specificity and sensitivity.
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
FRET involves the transfer of energy between two fluorescent molecules in close proximity, often facilitated by nanoparticles. This method is widely used in biological assays to study molecular interactions and detect specific biomolecules.
Electrochemical Sensing
Electrochemical sensors use nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes or graphene to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical reactions. These sensors can detect various analytes, including glucose, toxins, and environmental pollutants.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)
LSPR relies on the collective oscillation of electrons in metallic nanoparticles upon light excitation. Changes in the local refractive index around the nanoparticles cause shifts in the LSPR peak, enabling the detection of molecular binding events.
Magnetic Nanoparticle Detection
Magnetic nanoparticles can be functionalized with specific ligands to target and bind to specific molecules. Their magnetic properties are then used to separate and detect the bound molecules using magnetic resonance or magneto-optical techniques.
