Low dimensional structures refer to materials that have at least one dimension reduced to the nanoscale, typically less than 100 nanometers. These structures include zero-dimensional (0D) nanoparticles, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires and nanotubes, and two-dimensional (2D) nanofilms or nanosheets. Their unique properties arise due to the quantum confinement effects and high surface-to-volume ratio, which significantly differ from their bulk counterparts.
