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How to Identify Material Defects?

Material defects can significantly affect the performance of nanomaterials. Defects may include atomic dislocations, vacancies, or impurities. To identify these defects, advanced techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used. These techniques provide high-resolution images and data on the structural integrity of the materials.

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