surface charge density

How is Surface Charge Density Measured?

The measurement of surface charge density can be performed using various techniques such as:
Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM): A type of atomic force microscopy that measures electric forces between the probe and the surface.
Zeta Potential Analysis: Used to determine the surface charge in colloidal systems by measuring the potential difference across the interface.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes the surface chemistry and charge states of elements.

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