Several techniques are employed to achieve specific labeling in nanotechnology:
1. Chemical Conjugation: In this method, chemical reactions are used to attach labels to nanoparticles or molecules. This can involve covalent bonding, where the label is permanently attached, or non-covalent interactions, such as electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions.
2. Bioconjugation: This technique involves the use of biological molecules, such as antibodies, peptides, or DNA, to label nanomaterials. Bioconjugation is highly specific and is often used in medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery.
3. Physical Adsorption: Labels can also be physically adsorbed onto the surface of nanomaterials. While this method is simpler, it may not be as stable or specific as chemical or bioconjugation techniques.
