Functionalization can be achieved through various methods: 1. Covalent Bonding: This involves forming stable covalent bonds between the nanoparticle and the functional group. 2. Non-Covalent Interactions: Functional groups can be attached using weaker forces such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, or electrostatic interactions. 3. Surface Modification: Techniques like plasma treatment, chemical vapor deposition, and sol-gel processes can be used to modify the surface properties of nanoparticles.
