The calculation of FoM varies depending on the application and the properties being measured. Generally, it involves the ratio of output performance to input effort. For example, in thermoelectric materials, the FoM (denoted as ZT) is calculated as ZT = (S²σT)/κ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature, and κ is thermal conductivity. This formula captures the efficiency of converting heat into electrical energy, a key aspect of thermoelectric materials.
