Etching patterns are typically achieved through a process called photolithography. Here's a simplified overview:
A substrate is coated with a light-sensitive material called photoresist. The photoresist is exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask that defines the desired pattern. Exposed or unexposed regions of the photoresist are then developed, leaving behind a resist pattern. The substrate is subjected to etching, where the pattern is transferred from the photoresist to the underlying material.
