chemical composition:

How is Chemical Composition Characterized?

Several techniques are employed to determine the chemical composition of nanomaterials:
1. Spectroscopy methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provide detailed information about the elements and functional groups present.
2. Electron microscopy techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), can offer insights into the atomic arrangement.
3. Mass spectrometry is another powerful tool for identifying the molecular composition.

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