Label-free detection techniques often employ nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanowires, and graphene to enhance sensitivity and specificity. These nanomaterials can interact with target molecules, leading to measurable changes in their physical or chemical properties. Techniques such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) are commonly used in label-free detection.
