At the nanoscale, several unique phenomena influence fluid dynamics:
1. Increased Surface-to-Volume Ratio: The surface area available for interaction with the fluid increases relative to its volume. This enhances the role of surface forces such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic interactions.
2. Viscosity Variations: The viscosity of a fluid can vary significantly when confined to nanochannels. This can affect the fluid's flow rate and resistance.
3. Slip Flow: Unlike conventional flows where the fluid adheres to the boundaries (no-slip condition), at the nanoscale, fluids can exhibit slip flow, where the fluid experiences less friction against the walls of the channel.
4. Thermal Fluctuations: At small scales, thermal fluctuations become more pronounced, influencing fluid motion and transport properties.
