QDSCs operate by using quantum dots to absorb photons from sunlight. When a photon is absorbed, it excites an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, creating an electron-hole pair. This pair is then separated and transported to respective electrodes to generate an electric current. The efficiency of this process can be enhanced by the unique properties of quantum dots, such as their size-tunable bandgap, which allows for the absorption of different wavelengths of light.
