OPVs operate through a process of light absorption, exciton generation, exciton diffusion, and charge separation. When light is absorbed by the organic material, it creates excitons, which are bound electron-hole pairs. These excitons must then diffuse to an interface where they can dissociate into free charge carriers (electrons and holes) that are collected at the electrodes to generate electricity. The efficiency of this process can be enhanced through nanostructured materials that optimize light absorption and charge transport.
