The working principle of nanorulers varies depending on the type:
For optical nanorulers, interference patterns of light waves are used to measure distances with high precision. In AFM nanorulers, the tip scans the surface, and the deflection of the cantilever is used to measure distances. In EBL nanorulers, electron beams engrave precise patterns, which can be measured using various techniques. DNA-based nanorulers rely on the predictable hybridization of complementary DNA strands to form structures with defined lengths.
