How Do Nanoparticles Penetrate the Nuclear Membrane?
Nanoparticles can penetrate the nuclear membrane through several mechanisms: 1. Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs): These are gateways that allow the selective passage of molecules. Functionalized nanoparticles can be designed to interact with these complexes. 2. Endocytosis and Subsequent Release: Nanoparticles can be engulfed by the cell and transported to the nucleus via endocytic pathways. 3. Direct Fusion: Certain nanoparticles can fuse with the nuclear membrane, releasing their cargo directly into the nucleus.
