Nanoparticles kill microorganisms through various mechanisms:
1. Disruption of Cell Membranes: Nanoparticles can attach to and penetrate microbial cell membranes, causing structural damage and cell death. 2. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Some nanoparticles generate ROS, which are highly reactive molecules that can damage proteins, DNA, and other cellular components. 3. Release of Ions: Metallic nanoparticles can release ions that are toxic to microorganisms, disrupting their cellular processes. 4. Photoactivation: Certain nanoparticles can be activated by light to produce antimicrobial effects, a process known as photodynamic therapy.
