How Do Nanoparticles Exhibit Antimicrobial Properties?
Nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties through various mechanisms, including:
Disruption of Cell Membranes:Nanoparticles can attach to and disrupt microbial cell membranes, leading to cell death. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation: Some nanoparticles can generate ROS, which cause oxidative stress and damage to microbial cells. Metal Ion Release: Metal-based nanoparticles, such as silver and zinc oxide, release metal ions that are toxic to microbes. Interaction with DNA: Nanoparticles can penetrate cells and interact with microbial DNA, inhibiting replication and transcription.
