Various strategies are employed to help nanoparticles evade the immune system:
Surface Modification: Coating nanoparticles with biocompatible materials like polyethylene glycol (PEG) can mask them from the immune system. This process, known as PEGylation, reduces protein adsorption and subsequent recognition by immune cells. Size and Shape: The size and shape of nanoparticles can significantly affect their interaction with the immune system. Smaller nanoparticles or those with specific shapes can avoid detection more easily. Zwitterionic Coatings: These coatings possess both positive and negative charges, reducing protein adsorption and phagocytosis. They create a neutral surface that is less likely to trigger an immune response. Biomimicry: By mimicking natural cells or biological structures, nanoparticles can evade immune detection. For instance, coating nanoparticles with cell membranes can help them appear as 'self' to the immune system.
