Nanomaterials can attack microorganisms through multiple mechanisms: 1. Physical Disruption: Nanoparticles can attach to microbial membranes, causing structural damage and ultimately cell death. 2. Chemical Interactions: Some nanomaterials release ions that can interfere with microbial metabolism or produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage cellular components. 3. Targeted Delivery: Nanotechnology can enhance the delivery of antimicrobial agents directly to the site of infection, increasing the drug's efficacy and reducing side effects.
