Nanofillers improve polymer properties through several mechanisms:
1. Mechanically: Nanofillers like [carbon nanotubes]() and [graphene]() enhance the tensile strength and modulus of the polymer by forming a reinforcing network within the matrix.
2. Thermally: Nanofillers increase the thermal stability and flame retardancy of polymers. For example, [nanoclays]() create a barrier effect, slowing down degradation processes.
3. Electrically: Conductive nanofillers such as [carbon black]() and [silver nanoparticles]() can impart electrical conductivity to otherwise insulating polymers, making them suitable for electronic applications.