The working principle of DSSCs involves several components: a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer, a semiconducting layer (usually titanium dioxide nanoparticles), a dye sensitizer, an electrolyte, and a counter electrode. When light hits the dye molecules, they become excited and inject electrons into the conduction band of the semiconductor. These electrons travel through the external circuit, generating electricity, and return via the electrolyte to the dye, completing the circuit.
