Closed cycle cryocoolers typically operate using the Gifford-McMahon (GM) or Stirling cycle. Both of these cycles involve the compression and expansion of a working fluid, such as helium, to achieve cooling. The GM cycle uses a displacer mechanism to transfer heat, while the Stirling cycle employs a regenerator for the same purpose. These devices are often coupled with pulse tube cryocoolers to enhance efficiency and reduce vibrations, which is beneficial for sensitive nanotechnological experiments.
