The antimicrobial effects of nanomaterials can be attributed to several mechanisms:
Direct Interaction: Nanoparticles can directly attach to the microbial cell membrane, causing structural damage and increasing permeability. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Some nanoparticles produce ROS, which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Metal Ion Release: Metal-based nanoparticles like silver and zinc release ions that can disrupt microbial metabolic processes and enzyme functions. Induction of Oxidative Stress: Nanoparticles can induce oxidative stress within microbial cells, leading to cell death.
