Signals at the nanoscale are typically detected using a variety of sophisticated techniques and instruments. Some common methods include:
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): AFM uses a tiny probe to scan surfaces and detect forces at the nanoscale, providing high-resolution images and data. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): STM measures the tunneling current between a conductive tip and a surface to generate atomic-scale images. Fluorescence Spectroscopy: This technique detects the emission of light from fluorescent molecules, often used in biological and chemical sensing. Electrochemical Sensors: These sensors measure electrical signals resulting from chemical reactions at the nanoscale.
