signal

How are Signals Detected?

Detection of signals at the nanoscopic level involves a variety of techniques and instruments. Common methods include:
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM): Uses a physical probe to detect changes in surface properties.
Fluorescence Microscopy: Utilizes fluorescent markers to detect optical signals.
Electrochemical Sensors: Measures changes in electrical properties due to chemical reactions.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Detects mechanical signals by measuring forces between a probe and the sample.

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