Nanoscale materials can facilitate the production of ROS through several mechanisms. These include photocatalytic reactions, surface-catalyzed reactions, and redox cycling. For instance, metal oxide nanoparticles like TiO2 and ZnO can generate ROS when exposed to UV light due to their photocatalytic properties. Similarly, quantum dots and carbon-based nanomaterials can also induce ROS production through electron transfer processes.
