Several techniques are employed to fabricate polymer layers, including spin coating, layer-by-layer assembly, and self-assembly. Spin coating involves depositing a polymer solution onto a substrate and spinning it at high speeds to create a uniform thin film. Layer-by-layer assembly involves sequentially dipping a substrate into solutions of positively and negatively charged polymers, building up the film layer by layer. Self-assembly leverages the inherent properties of polymers to form ordered structures spontaneously.
