There are two primary approaches to fabricating nanostructures:
Top-Down Approach: This method involves starting with a bulk material and etching or milling it down to the nanoscale. Techniques include lithography, electron beam machining, and nanoimprint lithography. Bottom-Up Approach: This method builds nanostructures atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule using techniques like chemical vapor deposition, self-assembly, and molecular beam epitaxy.
