Macromolecular complexes are formed through non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, ionic interactions, and hydrophobic effects. These interactions allow for the self-assembly of molecules into larger structures, a process that can be harnessed to design novel nanostructures with specific functions. Techniques like molecular docking, cryo-electron microscopy, and X-ray crystallography are often used to study and design these complexes.
