Several techniques are employed to fabricate high quality nanostructures, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. Top-down methods involve the miniaturization of bulk materials through techniques like lithography and etching. In contrast, bottom-up methods build nanostructures atom by atom or molecule by molecule using techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and molecular self-assembly. Each method offers distinct advantages and limitations, and the choice of technique depends on the desired properties and applications of the nanostructure.
