There are several methods for fabricating heterogeneous structures at the nanoscale:
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): This method involves the chemical reaction of gaseous precursors at high temperatures to form a solid material on a substrate. It is commonly used for growing graphene and carbon nanotubes. Sol-Gel Process: In this technique, a solution (sol) undergoes a transition to a solid (gel) phase. It is versatile for producing various nanomaterials, including metal oxides and hybrids. Self-Assembly: Molecules or nanoparticles spontaneously organize into ordered structures without external guidance. This method is often used in the creation of nanocomposites and nanostructured films. Electrospinning: This process uses an electric field to draw a polymer solution into very fine fibers, often incorporating nanoparticles to create nanocomposite fibers.
